Domain Name Blogger

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has a headquartered in Marina Del Rey, California. ICANN is a California Non – Profit Corporation that was created on September 18, 1998 in order to oversee a number of Internets - related tasks performed directly on behalf of the U.S Government by other organizations. The task of ICANN is to managing the assignment of domain names and IP addresses. The work has its concerned the introduction of new generic top – level domains. The technical work of ICANN is referred to as the LANA function and the rest of ICANN is mostly concerned with defining policy.

On September 29, 2006 the ICANN signed a new agreement with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) that is a step forward toward the full management of the Internet’s system of centrally coordinated identifiers through the multi-stakeholder model of consultation that ICANN represents.

ICANN is formally organized as a non-profit corporation “for charitable and public purposes” under the California Non – profit Public Benefit Corporation Law. ICANN is managed by a Board of Directors, which is composed of six representatives of the Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of the policies under ICANN’s purview. And eight independent representatives of the general public interest, selected through a Nominating Committee in which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented; and the President and CEO, appointed by the rest of the Board.

The Supporting Organizations are currently three: the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) that deals with policy making on generic top – level domains (gTLDs); the Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) deals with policy making on  country – code top – level domains (ccTLDs) and the Address Supporting Organization (ASO) deals with policy making on IP addresses.

ICANN also relies on some advisory committees to receive advice on the interests and needs of stakeholders that do not directly participate in the Supporting Organization. The Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), which is composed of representatives of a great number of national governments from the entire world. At – Large Advisory Committee (ALAC), that composed of representatives of organizations of individual Internet users from the entire world. The Root Server System Advisory Committee, providing advice on the operation of the DNS root server system; the Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC), composed of Internet experts who study security issues pertaining to ICANN’s mandate; and the Technical Liaison Group(TLG), composed of representatives of other international technical organizations of the Internet.

A domain name registry is also called a Network Information Centre (NIC), it is a part of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to IP addresses. An organization that manages the registration of Domain names within the top – level domain which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its top-level domain. It has a potentially distinct from a domain name registrar.

Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and also manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root name servers.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) operates the .int registry for intergovernmental organizations, the .arpa zone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones like root-server. IANA also delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries such as VeriSign. Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) also delegated by IANA to national registries like DENIC in Germany, or Nominet in the United Kingdom.

The co-operatives of internet service is the providers (such as DENIC of Germany) or not-for profit companies (such as Nominet of UK). The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of the Whois system and via their Domain Name Servers.The registries sell the names directly like SWITCH of Switzerland) and others rely on separate entities to sell them.

The domain name registries operate the first – come – first – served system of allocation but it may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons.Between 1996 and 1998 in the United States, the InterNIC automatically rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities.

Registries can control matters of interest to their local communities like the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters.

Intellectual property relates to items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at different locations anywhere in the world such as when hosted live on domain names. The “property” is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge 

In the 1980s, this led to the United States and other developed countries “forum shifting” intellectual property standard-setting out of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which later evolved into the World Trade Organization, where the North had greater control of the agenda. This strategy paid dividends with the enactment of Agreement on Trade – Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

In October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a proposal offered by Argentina and Brazil, the “Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO” - from the Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization. A number of civil society bodies have been working on a draft Access to Knowledge or A2K, Treaty which they would like to see introduced.

In 1996, the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty, abbreviated as the WIPO Copyright Treaty, was an international treaty on copyright law adopted by the member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It provides additional protections for copyrights deemed necessary by knowledge monopoly dependent industries due to advances in information technology. There have been a variety of criticisms of this treaty, including that it is overbroad an example of its prohibition of circumvention of technical protection measures, even where such circumvention is used in the pursuit of legal and fair use rights) and it applies a “one size fits all’ standard to all signatory countries despite widely differing stages of economic development and knowledge industry.

The WIPO Copyright Treaty is implemented in the United States law by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). By Decision of 16 March 2000, the European Council approved the treaty on behalf of the European Community. The WIPO Copyright Treaty made no reference to copyright in the existing terms of the Berne Convention, but there was a degree of association. The United States Congress passed both the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, which enacts copyright term extension during the same week and used the same method using voice vote to make it less, the European Union adopted its own copyright term extension around the same time.

Just when you thought you couldn’t be more conservative about the web sites you linked to, you find out that there is a little “bait-and-switch” going on right under your nose.

A few days ago, I realised I have been linking to a parked page with ads on it previously displaying my BBB member info. A BBB Logo was linked to THIS PARKED PAGE from 3 seperate areas of just one of my websites showing my member status and my online member status. How frustrating is that? Now I need to go through all of my sites and get this link down to avoid looking like a moran to clients who click on it.

If the New York BBB can oversee their domain registrations which this much carelessness, I suppose this could happen to any major company, regardless of size, or reputation. I haven’t been able to find any news on it yet, so I’m not even sure if anyone has even realised thus far, but they had better get their buts in gear cause this guy with the parked page has suddenly aquired a new revenue stream off of their error.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO in French is Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle or OMPI. In 1967, WIPO was created with the stated purpose “to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world”.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) currently has 184 member states, administers 23 international treaties. The headquartered of WIPO is in Geneva, Switzerland. Almost all UN members are members of the WIPO. The predecessor to WIPO was the Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle (BIRPI) in French acronym for United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (UIBPIP). In 1893, the United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (UIBPIP) was set up to administer the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization. On July 14, 1967 was signed at Stockholm and made as an amended on September 26, 1979. In the Article 3 of this Convention, WIPO seeks to “promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world.” In 1974, WIPO became a specialized agency of the UN.

WIPO has it own significant financial resources independent of the contributions from its Member States. 90% in 2006 of its income of around CHF500m is expected to be generated from the collection of fees by the International Bureau (IB) under the intellectual property application and registration systems which it

During the 1960s and 1970s, the developing nations were able to block expansions to intellectual property treaties, such as universal pharmaceutical patents which might have occurred through WIPO. In the 1980s, United States led this and other developed countries “forum shifting” intellectual property standard-setting out of WIPO and into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, later it evolved into the World Trade Organization. On October 2004, WIPO agreed to adopt a proposal offered by Argentina and Brazil, the “Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO” - from the Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Because of this proposal was well supported by developing countries, and by a large contingent of civil society.

A Domain name is nothing more than an alias for a numeric Web address. Web sites on the Internet have a numeric address that functions and coordinates on a map. Instead of pointing to a geographic location on Earth, these numeric addresses, called IP addresses, point to a location on the Internet. The computers have no problems with locating and remembering numeric addresses, although people often do have trouble remembering long, complicated sequences of numbers. So, to make navigating the Internet easier, the domain name system was invented. This system allows people to use easy to remember names for Web sites instead of numeric sequences.

Domains are usually parked while Web sites for them are under development. After the site is ready, the domain is unparked and pointed to the DNS of the web hosting provider. To avoid paying for a hosting account before a site is ready to be uploaded. 

A domain name always has two or more parts separated by dots and consists of some form of an organization’s name and a three letter or more suffixes.

The domain name suffix is known as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) and also it describes the type of organization. The last few years, the lines have blurred somewhat between these categories. These are the following that are being used by the generic top-level domain (gTLD):

.aero–For the air-transport industry
.biz–Reserved for businesses
.com–For businesses, commercial enterprises, or online services like America Online. Most companies use this extension.
.coop–Reserved for cooperatives
.edu–For educational institutions and universities
.gov–Reserved for United States government agencies
.info–For all uses
.int–For organizations established by international treaties
.mil–For the United States military
.museum–For use by museums
.name–For use by individuals
.net–For networks; usually reserved for organizations such as Internet service providers
.org–For non-commercial organizations
.pro–For use by professionals, such as attorneys and physicians

Domain name transfers are the act of designating a new registrar with the authority to add, modify, and delete information about the domain name. Usual processes of a domain name transfer are the following:

• The end user contacts the new registrar who wishes to transfer the domain name to their service.
• The new registrar will contact the old registrar to information
• The old registrar will contact the end user to confirm the authenticity of this request
• The old registrar will release authority to the new registrar
• The new registrar will notify the end user of transfer completion
• When the process end, the new registrar becomes one’s designated registrar and all correspondence shall be done with them.

Domain Name Registers assist individuals with domain name registration and domain name renewals. Most registrars provide both businesses and consumers with an array domain name registration services that can create a web address and unique online identity quickly and easily.

More than 125 different top – level domains (TLDs) are able to be searched and registered. Most registrars provide domain registration in all the generic top – level domains TLDs (.com, .net, .org, .info, .biz and .name) and country domain TLDs (.us, .de, .mx, .kr, .ca etc.).

While you register a domain name you are likely to find that all good names have already been registered. Since it is so easy and cheap to register a domain, most people register several domains that they think might be of interest. As a result in a large number of domains that are used only to display advertisements.

This means the first name you attempt to register already be taken. This is true especially if it involves well known names. The best way you can search is to find a completely different name or use variations on the main name you want to register. Some registrars will give you recommendations on your search results page if the name you choose is not available.

Domain name registrars are companies accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and by a national Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD) authority to register Internet domain names.

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has authority over Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs). An example of gTLDs includes .com, .net, .org and .mobi. ICANN does not have authority over Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD), though it is quite common for domain name registrars to offer ccTLD registration services as well. Most registrars provide DNS hosting service, but this is not required and it is considered a separate service.

In 1999, there was no Shared Registration System (SRS). The Network Solution (NSI) operated the .com, .net, and .org registries, and was the de jure registrar and domain name registry operator. Registrars formed another link in the food chain, introducing the concept of domain name sales, effectively introducing the wholesale model into the industry. NSI followed suit, forcing the issue of separation of Registry and Registrar.

In October 1998, the growing domain name registration business and other interested parties; Network Solution (NSI) had an agreement with the US Department of Commerce was amended, requiring the creation of an Shared Registration System (SRS) that supported multiple registrars. On November 30, 1999 the Shared Registration System (SRS) officially opened under the supervision of Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Since then, over 500 registrars have entered the market for domain name registration services.

End-user alone cannot register and manage their domain name information with Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).A designated registrar must be chosen to have one’s domain names registered and managed with ICANN on their behalf. Prior to 1999, the only .com registrar was NSI, but after the approval of the SRS, this opened up the opportunity for other companies to be designated as registrars.

Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Copyright legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property has a right to protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations.

In 1967, The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) gives the following list of subject matter protected by intellectual property rights such as:

• Literary, artistic and scientific works
• Industrial Designs
• Scientific Discoveries
• Inventions in all fields of human endeavor
• Protection against unfair competition
• Performances of performing artists, phonograms and broadcasts
• Trademarks, service marks, and commercial names and designations
• “All other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.”

Intellectual property has two branches:

Industrial property is form into range. This includes patents to protect inventions, and industrial designs, which are aesthetic determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks, and layout – designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against unfair competition.

Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs.